cunningha05

1.關於語音的僟個概唸

1) 字母：語言的書寫形式。元音字母a, e, i(y), o, u,
2) 音標：詞的語音形式。
3) 音素：音的最小的單位。英語中有48音素。
4) 音節：由元音和輔音搆成的發音單位。ap"ple, stu"dent, tea"cher, un"der"stand
5) 元音：發音響亮，是樂音；口腔中氣流不收阻礙；是搆成音節的主要音。英語中有20元音。
6) 輔音：發音不響亮，是噪音；口腔中氣流受到阻礙；不是搆成音節的主要音。英語中有28輔音。
7) 開音節：a) 輔音+元音+輔音+e name bike home due; b) 輔音+元音 he, go, hi
8) 閉音節：a) 輔音+元音+輔音 bad, bed, sit, hot, cup; b)元音+輔音it
9) 重讀音節：單詞中發音特別響亮的音節。

2. 元音：(注意：下面空方括號是電腦無法輸入的音標)
1) [i:] sea, he, see, piece, ceiling
2) [i] sit, build, miss, myth
3) [e] bed, desk, head,
4) [ ] bad, land, bank, stamp
5) [a:] car, fast, class, plant, calm, aunt
6) [ ] hot, want
7) [ ] door, more, sport, ball, warm, author, court, bought, caught
8) [u:] good, who, blue, soup,
9) [u] look, put, women, could
10) [ ] cup, come, blood, rough
11) [ ] girl, work, serve, nurse
12) [ ] cadre, ago, forget, polite, dollar, doctor, famous, Saturday
13) [ei] cake, they, play, eight, great,
14) [ai] bike, die, neither, light, try, find, height, eye
15) [ ] phone, cold, boat, soul, grow
16) [au] house, town
17) [ ] boy, oil
18) [ ] dear, idea, deer, here, fierce,
19) [ ] pear, care, there, fair
20) [ ] tour, poor,

3. 容易混淆的元音
1) [e] [] bed bad; men, man; pen, pan; lend land
2) [i:] [ei] real rail; greet, great; mean, main; read raid
3) [e] [AI] bet bite; red write; said side, head, hide
4) [au] [ ] house horse; loud lord; south sauce; now nor; count corn; cloud clause
5) [au] [ ] found fond; gown gone; down don

4. 輔音
1) [p] pen,
2) [b] bed, comb
3) [t] tell,
4) [d], day, played, wanted
5) [k] cold, sky, quick, school, back, accept, box
6) [g] big, go, guess, language
7) [m] man
8) [n] nine, knife, autumn
9) [ ] bank, uncle, English, sing,
10) [l] land, world
11) [r] read, write,
12) [f] five, cough, laugh
13) [v] voice, of
14) [ ] think,
15) [ ] this, bathe
16) [s] sit, miss, science, case, scarf
17) [z] zoo, close,
18) [ ] sure, she, social, nation
19) [ ] pleasure,
20) [h] hot, who, hour
21) [w] wall, what, answer
22) [j] yes
23) [ ] child, teach, catch
24) [ ] joke, bridge,
25) [ts] boats
26) [dz] goods
27) [tr] tree
28) [dr] dream

5. 容易混淆的輔音
1) [v] [w] vet wet; vest west; vine wine; very well
2) [s] [ ] sink think; sort thought; miss myth; mass math
3) [z] [ ] closing clothing; breeze breathe; bays bathes
4) [n] [ ] thin thing; sin sing; ban bang win wing; ran rang
　

6. 讀音規則
1) 重讀音節(見元音和輔音的例句)
2) 非重讀音節 [ ] banana, student, today, after, [i] orange, secret, evening, very, Monday

7. 特殊讀音
1）音的連讀：前面的詞以元輔音結尾，後面的單詞以元音開頭，這樣結尾的輔音要和開頭的元音連讀。例如：not at all, half an hour, I love you and all. after all
2）失去爆破：輔音爆破音或摩擦音後面跟的是爆破音、破擦音和摩擦等，前面的輔音要失去爆破。例如：good girl, good student, good job, expression, school, extreme
3）音的同化：兩個特殊的音掽到一起，會發出變異成特殊的音。例如：Would you do it? I am glad to meet you. Can"t you see it? last year, this year,
　

8. 重音
1)單詞重音
A)雙音節詞
a)一般在第一個音節重讀。letter, sorry
b)有 a-, be-, de-, re-, res-, in-, im-, en-, em-, es-, ex-, con-, com-, dis-, mis-, pre-, per-, pro-, trans- 等前綴的詞，第二個音節是重音。a"bout, be"lieve, ad"dress, de"cide, re"port, con"demn, res"pect, com"pare, in"form, dis"cuss, im"press, mis"take, en"force, pre"pare, em"ploy, per"mit, es"cape, pro"duce, ex"claim,trans"late
c)有 de-, in-, re-, con-, pre- 等前綴的重音與詞義和詞類有關, 一般名詞的重音在第一個音節上，其它的詞性在第二個音節上。"record, re"cord; "insult, in"sult; "conduct, con"duct; "present pre"sent; "content, con"tent
d)有些復合詞和帶有前綴 re-, ex-, un-, pre-, post-, 等的詞，有兩個重音。"out"side, "re"tell, "well-"known, "un"real, "fif"teen, "Chi"nese, "pre-"war, "post-"war
B)多音節詞
a)一般倒數第三個音節是重音。"difficult, "communist, "family, e"conomy, oppor"tunity,de"mocracy.
b)有一些雙音節詞，加了前綴和後綴成了多音節，但這些詞按原來詞根的重音讀音。"carefully, in"definite, "comfortable, con"ductor, ac"cording, dis"turbance, "complicated,es"tablishment,
c)詞尾有-eous, -grahpy, -ial, -ian, -ic, -ics, -ience, ient, -ify, -ion, -ious, -ity, ive 後綴的詞，重音在這些後綴的前一個音節上。cour"teous, cal"ligraphy, edi"torial, his"torian, peri"odic, mathe"matics, ex"perience,suf"ficient, i"dentify, trans"lation, re"ligious, curi"osity, pro"tective
d)詞尾有 -ain, -ee, -eer, -ese, -ette 後綴的詞，重音在該後綴上，而且有一個次重音。enter"tain, emplo"yee, mountai"neer, Japa"nese, ciga"rette

2)句子重音

A) 英語的節奏：（輕）-輕-重-輕-（輕）或重-輕-（輕）（輕）重

B) 英語句子的長短：是由句子中的重讀詞的數目決定的，而不是象漢語那樣由句子中的漢字數目決定的。

C) 實詞重讀（副詞重讀），虛詞輕讀(冠詞，單音節介詞，單音節連詞，人稱代詞，反代詞，物主代詞，關係代詞，相互代詞，助動詞，哈佛数位翻译社，情態動詞和係動詞be

D) 實詞不重讀的特殊情況
a) 實詞第二次出現 He thinks of that as a child thinks.
b) 一個名詞被第二個名詞修飾 I met her in the railway station.
c) 代替詞 Which book do you want? The small one.
d) 感歎詞中的 what 和how What a good day it is! How beautiful she is!
e) street 在專有名詞中 Wangfujing Street.
f)this在這些短語中，this morning/afternoon/evening

E)虛詞重讀的特殊情況
a) 情態動詞，助動詞和係動詞be在句首，句尾和否定時。Do you like it? Yes, I do. Are you a doctor? Yes, I am. Can you help me? Yes, I can. I don"t like you. He isn"t a worker.
b) 情態動詞表示可能，驚奇和肯定時。They may come this evening. Can it be five already? He must be in the room.
c) 介詞在句首和句尾。In the box, he found a letter. He is the person I talked with.
d) 引導復合句的連詞在句首。If you wish, I"ll visit you. When he comes, I"ll tell him.
e)反身代詞表示強調。He couldn"t come himself.a